前沿 | 把致病活病毒做成疫苗!《自然》子刊发表下一代疫苗设计新突破

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关键词: 病毒新突破疫苗
资讯来源:药明康德
发布时间: 2023-03-25
▎药明康德内容团队编辑   

疫苗是人类应对传染病大规模流行的有效手段之一。在最近的新冠疫情中,我们就看到不同路线的疫苗设计百花齐放,为对抗疫情作出了贡献。无论是传统的灭活或减活疫苗、重组疫苗还是mRNA疫苗,对免疫系统来说本质上都是在做仿真“模拟题”。机体通过预先演练获得病毒的“案底”,形成免疫记忆。待病毒入侵,就能唤醒记忆,消灭病毒。

但“模拟题”再逼真,也不如“真题”演练为免疫系统提供的信息全面、准确且及时。在疫苗的问题上,所谓的“真题”就是活的野生病毒。现在,一项最新研究实现了设计“真题”疫苗的重要突破。

在发表于《自然·生物医学工程》(Nature Biomedical Engineering)的论文中,浙江大学化学系唐睿康教授、求是高等研究院王晓雨副研究员和军事科学院军事医学研究院生物工程研究所侯利华研究员合作,提出了一项全新的疫苗技术: 将野生活病毒直接封装进凝胶材料中,在体内定点形成免疫“微工厂”,锁住病毒的同时安全、高效地激活免疫反应,形成免疫记忆。

根据这一思路,研究团队将野生型寨卡病毒(Zika virus)直接装入一种 壳聚糖水凝胶 中,他们将这种“即插即用”型复合凝胶命名为Vax。在与军事医学研究院联合开展的动物实验中,接种了Vax的小鼠全部抵御住了寨卡病毒的致命攻击,并且没有发生病毒泄漏。这项研究展示了通过材料将病毒直接转化为疫苗的可行性,有望成为下一代疫苗技术的候选路线。


建造免疫“微工厂”



2020年,一篇发表于《科学》杂志的评论就指出,下一代疫苗技术应该关注将野生病毒株快速转化为高安全性和高有效性的疫苗。但在实际研究中,野生病毒疫苗的设计并不容易。

唐睿康说,实现这一设想存在两项挑战:第一是安全性,病毒不能有丝毫泄露;第二是有效性,这一路线是否真能有效激活免疫应答?

病毒进入体内后,可以到处移动,去寻找并感染宿主细胞。而免疫系统要做的是第一时间“追查”病毒,激活第一道防线——天然免疫应答。这个过程是清除病毒、激活获得性免疫应答的重要前提。相反,一旦免疫系统无法及时追查到病毒,病毒就有了逃逸的机会。

既然病毒移动起来容易不受控制,那么从一开始就不让病毒逃跑、变被动追查为主动出击,是不是就能从源头上解决问题呢?

在最新研究中,Vax的核心策略就是用凝胶材料把病毒“绑”起来,不让病毒自由迁移。“壳聚糖水凝胶通过静电作用吸附病毒颗粒,像牢笼一样把病毒困住。”王晓雨介绍道。由于具有生物相容和免疫调节等特性,壳聚糖在研究中经常被选作疫苗佐剂。

壳聚糖水凝胶负责将病毒固定在材料内部,而Vax的另一种主要成分—— 碳酸钙纳米颗粒 ——的作用,则是招募免疫细胞找上门来。碳酸钙纳米颗粒可以用作稳定剂并提供钙离子,可能通过免疫调控和离子稳态调节招募免疫细胞。

在小鼠实验中,接受Vax注射几天之后,大量巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等天然免疫细胞已经聚集在Vax周围,并且Vax内部免疫细胞的表面表达了更多的抗原识别受体。由此, “追查”模式切换为“关门打狗”模式,“牢笼”就地变成了一座免疫“微工厂”。

▲Vax示意图 (图片来源:参考资料[1])

“这说明天然免疫的‘开关’被打开了,天然免疫细胞到了最佳工作状态。”王晓雨说。

Vax中的水凝胶不仅有助于激活免疫应答,同时通过静电作用将病毒牢牢吸附,构成了Vax安全性的第一道保障。此外,Vax还有第二道安全防线:Vax启动的天然免疫过程定点定位在材料内部发生,使得病毒被就地清除、降解。

安全!安全!安全!



在完成了一系列概念性验证和预实验之后,浙大团队与军事医学研究院展开合作,在P2实验室开展了关于寨卡病毒的动物实验。

寨卡病毒是一种主要由伊蚊传播的蚊媒RNA病毒,2015年曾由南美洲扩散到全球多个国家,构成国际公共卫生紧急事件。寨卡病毒感染可以导致发热、头疼与神经系统疾病,孕妇感染还可能引起新生儿小头畸形。目前,尚未有针对性的疫苗问世。

在为期5年的研究中,研究人员将寨卡病毒装配到水凝胶中,注射到小鼠的皮下。论文第一作者、博士生郝海斌介绍,接种了Vax疫苗的小鼠全部抵御了寨卡病毒的攻击,没有发生一例感染,展现了出色的保护力。同时,接种Vax疫苗后,小鼠产生了更快、更强的特异性免疫球蛋白G应答;而在接受寨卡病毒感染一段时间后,这些小鼠的T细胞免疫记忆也得到增强。这些结果共同说明了Vax疫苗对小鼠的保护作用。

除了有效性,疫苗的安全性同样在小鼠实验中得到了检验。

郝海斌在小鼠的各个脏器与组织中搜寻病毒的核酸信息, “各个脏器都没有病毒踪迹。28天后,注射部位Vax内部的核酸信息也检测不到了。”郝海斌说。研究人员还将Vax注射到乳鼠的颅脑内,这是寨卡病毒最易感的组织。结果显示,病毒仍然被控制在水凝胶内部,没有发生泄露。

<span style="text-align: center;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 16px;line-height: 28px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(0, 112, 192);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▲Vax疫苗作用机制</span></strong></span><span style="text-align: center;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 112, 192);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(视频来源:浙江大学)</span></strong></span></section></section><section arial="" border-box="" break-word="" gb="" helvetica="" neue="" rgb="" sans="" sans-serif="" sc="" style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, " ui="" visible="" yahei=""><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-left: 5px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;width: 638.4px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(0, 112, 192);border-right-color: rgb(0, 112, 192);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(0, 112, 192);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">材料调控生命</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-bottom: 8px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 112, 192);height: 1px;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 112, 192);height: 1px;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">唐睿康团队提出的材料装配活病毒的方案,展现了将病毒直接转换成疫苗的良好前景。“<strong style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">只要得到纯化的病毒,我们就能批量生产疫苗。这可以缩短疫苗的研发进程。</strong>”唐睿康希望,Vax会成为一种通用的疫苗技术,如果有新的病毒威胁到人类,Vax有望快速响应。</span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Vax的研究表明,材料通过与病毒的装配,可体内实现对免疫过程的调控。“我们看到,<strong style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">材料成为了生命的一部分。</strong>”唐睿康说,这是课题组关于“材料调控生命”研究领域的又一进展。</span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">多年来,唐睿康课题组不断深入探索“材料调控生命”。2007年,他们受鸡蛋壳的启发,提出了“给细胞穿衣服”的方法,为细胞披上一层矿化的外壳,从而赋予细胞不同的功能。同年,从事抗病毒药物研究的王晓雨加入唐睿康课题组,将给细胞穿衣服的方法拓展到病毒领域,随后课题组开发了能让疫苗常温保存的外壳;2018,唐睿康课题组提出“人工细胞器”的概念,2022年联合邵逸夫医院骨科实现了将植物细胞的类囊体成功递送到哺乳动物软骨细胞中,治愈了小鼠的关节炎;2017年,直博生郝海斌加入课题组,唐睿康提出了“材料装配病毒制成疫苗”的挑战,这一挑战贯穿了郝海斌5年的博士生涯。“Vax可以看成是材料在机体的一个额外的‘器官’,它调控了生命的过程。”唐睿康说。</span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.6em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">本研究受到国家自然科学基金(22037005、21625105)和国家科技重大专项(2016ZX10004001)资助。浙江大学博士研究生郝海斌和军事医学研究院副研究员吴诗坡为本论文的共同第一作者。</span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 10px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">封面图来源:123RF</span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 10px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 10px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">参考资料:</span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 10px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[1] Hao, H., Wu, S., Lin, J. et al. Immunization against Zika by entrapping live virus in a subcutaneous self-adjuvanting hydrogel. Nat. Biomed. Eng (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-023-01014-4</span><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 10px;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 10px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a class="weapp_image_link" data-miniprogram-appid="wx52c783e68cc63821" data-miniprogram-nickname="罕见病智库" 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